ENTREPRENEURSHIP: INVESTING FOR BIG MISSIONS RETURNS
IN THE 21st CENTURY
“Advantages of engaging in
Business as
By Rev. John H. Warton, Jr.
President-CEO, Business Professional Network http://www.bpn.org/contact.html
Published on Global Missiology, October, 2006, Featured
Article
Introduction:
Imagine
a missions strategy that would allow the simultaneous
fulfillment of many of the Lord’s commands given in the
Scriptures! Commands such as:
1. “Go into all the world
and make disciples of all nations” Matt 28:18
2.
“Do good to the poor” Mark 14:4
3.
“You shall be my witnesses... to
the uttermost parts of the earth” Acts 1:8
4. “If anyone does not
provide for his own, especially those of his household, he has denied the faith” I Timothy 5:8
5. “As the Father sent me
into the world, so send I you” John 17:17
6. “Make it your
ambition to lead a quiet life and attend to your own business and work with your hands” I Thessalonians 4:11
7. “Let us do good to all
men, especially those of the household of faith” Galatians
8. “The things you have
heard from me ...entrust to faithful men who will be able to teach others also” II Timothy 2:2
9. “Let us love in deed
and truth” I John 3:17-18
10. “Do not look out only
for your interests, but also for the interests of others. Let this mind be in your which was also in Christ...”
Philippians 2:4-5
Today
the inclusion of true business in mission offers the Body of Christ the means
to fulfill every one of these commands and many more
besides. Perhaps more than any other members of the church,
Christian business people are welcome today in nearly every
country of the world.1 One of the positive
aspects of globalization is the opportunity to go into all the
world and engage in business. In countries where missionaries
are denied access and ‘tentmakers’ must remain isolated in compounds for foreigners,
real businessmen can pass through immigration and customs with a Bible in their
briefcase and move freely within the culture. After only a few trips to a
country, foreign businessmen and women are able to make more
contacts and talk about personal, spiritual matters more freely
than many missionaries will be able to after many years.
Business, however, must be
understood from a Biblical perspective, not the world’s understanding,
which is often the church’s also, or worse, from the
Marxist perspective
1 In my experience, there are very few nations
where Christians who will be discreet about sharing their faith are not
welcome. Even
that still pervades the
nations which adopted communism. Capitalism is commonly understood to mean making as much profit as
possible by charging consumers as much as possible and paying employees as little as possible. To those
unfamiliar with the effects of
competition in a free market economy, this understanding implies inflated
prices, excessive profits, and
exploitation of workers. To these, business is inherently evil and business practitioners are ungodly by definition.
Under the traditional
sacred-secular bifurcation that has persisted in the Evangelical church, business is often viewed as worldly,
driven by the love of money, and intrinsically
inferior to the spiritual pursuits. This is even a challenge in the
But the Reformation
rediscovered in the Scriptures the dignity of work and the validity of commerce. In fact, the great majority of
businessmen and women who appear on the pages of Scripture – tradesmen, merchants, farmers, managers - are
God-fearing participants in the
greater purposes of God. If business is viewed as a corrupt or second class endeavor, there never will be a place for
it in a contemporary missions strategy. If business people are viewed only as donors who are
to fund the work of ‘professional’ missionaries
[read ‘real’], they will never be allowed to participate personally and never
give as much as their hearts would move them to if welcomed as important
colleagues.
Neither
should business in missions be thought of simply as a platform to do real missions
work. The idea that pretending to do business in a country so that entry can be
gained for the purpose of only doing evangelism and
discipleship is not worthy of the name of Christian missions. It
is fraudulent and contrary to the Apostle Peter’s admonition to “keep your
behavior excellent among the Gentiles” (I Peter
The
inclusion of true business in a comprehensive missions
strategy aligns exactly with the premise of the Apostle Paul:
“...the
whole Body, being fitted and held together by that which
every joint supplies, according to the proper working of
each individual part, causes the growth of the Body, to the
building up of itself in love...”
Ephesians
4:16
By
way of analogy, if a human body is to grow normally, the muscles, nerves, and
the blood system must grow along with the bones if the body
is to expand and develop as it was designed to. According to
Paul’s statement here, missions is really the growth
of the Body of Christ, and building up the body requires the
participation of every part. Business is the backbone of every
society and community. It does not equate with the church
nor can it do the work of the church alone, but the church cannot mature beyond
a pitiful mass of muscles, nerves, and arteries without the
skeletal structure that supports them. The whole Body causes the
growth of the Body.
In reality, the exclusion of
business in missions strategy has hindered the
expansion of a strong, self-reliant indigenous church in many parts of the
world. In
purpose of
God” (v.27). Because Scripture deals regularly with the subject of work and the
ways to do business that honor God, Paul certainly included these in his
ministry at
This paper will not
argue further for the inclusion of business in a comprehensive, modern missions
strategy. What I will contend is that the most effective way to include business in missions is to focus on nurturing
national entrepreneurs who love Christ and are called as businessmen and women to build enterprises they own.
There are other very effective ways
that business can contribute to missionary goals in the nations of the world, which I’ll touch on, but I believe the most
effective is to develop indigenous entrepreneurs,
who are building small and medium size enterprises (SMEs)
they own and that exist by serving
domestic demands. To provide the necessary instruction, training, encouragement, and capital, whole cadres of
Christian business professions are going to have to be recruited to participate
in a comprehensive missions strategy.
The Character of
Entrepreneurs
The term
‘entrepreneur’ is used in this paper as it is commonly understood in American English to refer to someone who starts a business
venture. It means more than anyone who
operates a small business, referring instead to the special skills needed to
start such a new business. It does
not refer to the nefarious, cigar-smoking ‘wheeler-dealer’ putting “deals” together for his own
financial windfall. Neither is it synonymous with ‘businessman’.
Entrepreneur is best
and properly understood as someone who starts something. From its Latin-language origins, it describes a person who
is enterprising, daring, adventuresome, bold. Most church planters are entrepreneurial in spirit; starting a local
church obviously requires very
different skills from those required to lead a congregation of several hundred people. Business entrepreneurs start new
ventures. Ford Motor Company and Apple Computer are now major corporations, but
they were started by entrepreneurs. So was
the 4-bay mechanics shop where I take my car for service and the Thai food restaurant my wife and I enjoy for a dinner out.
The ability to start a
business is actually very unusual. Entrepreneurs have a remarkable set of characteristics that are substantially
different from most people. Business and mission leaders I’ve polled informally over the years have estimated
that as few as 4% of any population
are truly entrepreneurs; no one thinks more than 10% are. Its not that everyone doesn’t have some of these
characteristics, they just don’t have them to the unusual degrees that real entrepreneurs do. Here
are some of these unusual characteristics:
1.
Entrepreneurs are creative and
visionary. They see needs and opportunities others simply
don’t recognize.
2.
Entrepreneurs are resourceful.
They find ways to get started at what looks impossible
to others.
3.
Entrepreneurs are persistent.
They are not easily deterred from their vision. They will
continue on long after others will have given up.
4.
Entrepreneurs are
risk-takers. They are willing to commit their resources to their venture when others would conclude the risks are
too great.
5.
Entrepreneurs are not afraid to fail. They don’t
like failing, but have already failed
numerous times at other ventures and discovered they survived and actually learned something in the process. Normal people
are so afraid of failing they won’t
take the risks.
6.
Entrepreneurs are action-oriented. They do not
like endless research and discussion,
they want to get going. They make decisions quickly. Others prefer to be much
more deliberative and cautious.
7.
Entrepreneurs are hard-working. They don’t mind
the long hours and short weekends.
Others will prefer not to make such sacrifices or work long hours on projects whose outcome is so uncertain.
8.
Entrepreneurs are good organizers. They have
enough skill at marketing, production,
finance and distribution to get the whole business working, especially with limited resources. Others who are skilled in
more specialized or complex disciplines
often can’t put it all together.
Entrepreneurship
is, like everything else of value in the created world, a reflection of the perfection
of God. Romans
This
is not a moot point for missions. Entrepreneurs need to be recognized for their
unique gifting by God and their important role in church growth. Pastors and missionaries
will readily notice that many of the characteristics of entrepreneurs naturally
provoke misunderstandings with church leaders (here and
on foreign fields alike). The long hours and hard work of an
entrepreneur with every resource he can muster at risk in his new business venture
will mean he’s not going to be at the church for every meeting. His
heart beats with the hope of a viable company providing a very tangible
products or services and making a profit at it – which can appear very worldly,
temporal, and carnal pursuits to church leaders
imbued with a bifurcation of the sacred and secular. He talks all
the time about his business or some “new scheme” to make money - that doesn’t seem
very spiritual.
But in reality, this is God’s way
to build the local economy and ultimately the church. Solely
on an economic and social plane, the importance of entrepreneurs is widely recognized.
Each year in the State of the Union address, every
“Entrepreneurs
who launch successful businesses create employment, expand market segments,
increase production and services, and can bring new vigor to their communities”.2
But in a Christian context, they do much more. This is why business deserves
to be an integral component of a holistic missions
strategy.
What
Business contributes to
1. Jobs Perhaps the
greatest problem among the nations of the world today is
unemployment.
Consider the following situation in the nation of
Independent since 1991
Location :
Population: 4 million
·The
poorest country in Europe
·Unemployment
rate around 50%
·
·Population
permanently emigrated: 20%
·Rate
of alcohol and drugs addiction: 25%
·New born
Christians: less than 2%
The Baptist Union in
One Moldovan entrepreneur who has participated in
CAMED is Vasile Popan. Vasile was jobless and despairing in 1998. Beginning in
1999, he obtained a series of small loans
from CAMED to start his own sausage-making business. Paying back each loan on time and borrowing more, he has since been able to
purchase modern refrigeration and sausage
grinding equipment. By 2004 he was employing 13 people. Because of the high quality of his sausage, he is gaining brand
recognition in the capital city, Chisinau, and surrounding towns. He aspires to be the leading sausage maker in the
country. Vasile is also a leader at the Jesus, Alpha
and Omega Church he belongs to in the town of
2 From
Inter-American Development Bank Study “Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies”,
March 2002
Tintareni. He’s already known as
a generous man: he donates sausage to feed children at a local orphanage, paid for the new sound system
for their church, and along with two friends has
underwritten the support of one of their pastors.
Jobs
obviously enable believers to give to their own churches. When most of a
church’s members are unemployed and unable to support their own church, serious
consequences ensue. Pastors may need to become bi-vocational,
reducing the time and energy they have to devote to the flock or their study of
the Word. Reliance on foreign funding becomes
more attractive, despite the negative consequences that can result. The resources
that do exist must be redirected to meet the sustenance needs of its members. A
poor church is not attractive to its community and in fact is a contradiction
of what Paul envisioned, “...that you not be in need of anything.” ( I Thessalonians 4:12b)
2. Witnessing
Opportunities Business does more than provide jobs, it creates many ancillary benefits. Work place relationships
develop naturally and provide an authentic setting to demonstrate or even speak about the spiritual dimensions of
life. The example of the Christian
worker in his forbearance (Phil 4:5), wisdom (
(I Peter
3. Social Impact Beyond
the work context, employment has still many more benefits. It is impoverishment and ensuing despair that lead
many young people to crime, drug and alcohol
abuse, and prostitution. Sex trafficking has become a major problem in
But a more fundamental impact is
seen in the nuclear family. Men who are unable to provide
for their wife and children by working often abandon their family entirely. The
shame and frustration are too great. Women, on the other
hand, will more likely be heroic in working very long
hours at two or three jobs in order to house, clothe, and feed
3 21st
Century Slaves, National Geographic, September 2003, p. 3.
4
From personal conversations with Heather M. Hodges, U.S. Ambassador to
5
their family. Children
from such families not only grow up impoverished and without a father or normal
parental inputs, but will often begin income producing activities at too early an age. As young adults they are very likely
to go abroad illegally to find work that will enable them to have a life and send money home. Temptations to join
in illegal and dangerous cash
generating activities are understandable.
The migration of
capable, ambitious people from homelands like
Compassionate mission
leaders would understandably want to launch initiatives to combat juvenile crime, drug and alcohol abuse, and
prostitution. But a far better solution with longer term effects would be to help Moldovan entrepreneurs create
businesses that will provide jobs.
This is a crucial role for business people in missions.
4. Cultural impact.
Political and business corruption is renown across the developing world (and perhaps more common in the West than
we know). This is the normal backdrop
in which Christian businesses will operate. Former U.S. Ambassador to Moldova Pamela H. Smith stated publicly,
“Corruption is strangling
Other
Models for Business and
Assisting national
entrepreneurs who are building their own business enterprises is not the only way to achieve these results. Several
other models are being employed successfully
today in various countries.
1.
Foreign branches of privately-held Western corporations
Companies like these, especially
when owned by Christians, can open branch offices or
factories in countries for the express purpose of achieving these results. The globalized
economy makes this strategy attractive for many international businesses.
6 From
an address at
Christian ex-pats in
these companies will have the prerogative to disciple nationals for leadership within their business and the Body
of Christ at large. General training for
employees can be explicitly from the Bible and include calls for reconciliation
with God. Fair wages and generous
benefits will have an immediate impact on local churches attended by their employees, as well as their families.
2. Foreign operations of
publicly-held Western corporations.
Although personnel policies of publicly-held
companies generally will not allow open proselytizing on company time and property, in many instances allowances
are made for employee Bible studies
or prayer. But many opportunities to obey the Great Commission exist for Christian managers who
regularly travel from country to country
on behalf of their company, if they will use weekends and personal days to develop an on-going ministry in the cities they
visit. This will afford opportunities to organize much-needed training in business for church members, help them
identify job openings in the city
and how to apply for them. Most trans-national corporations also have
foundations that distribute grants to benefit the communities where they operate. Business development programs are the
kind of uses for such grants that corporations
look for, especially when recommended by their own employees.
3. New Ventures
Today many Christians in business possess all the
resources and experience needed to start
whole new companies overseas for the dual purpose of providing needed goods or services and accomplishing the other benefits
of business as mission, such as job creation,
Christian witness, etc. One dot-com CEO from
Venture capitalists can also be very influential
in funding overseas businesses managed
by Christian nationals on a much larger scale. Such investors often want to be closely involved in the management of these
corporations, which affords an excellent
opportunity for disciple-making among the senior executives. Pre-arranged buy-out agreements and public offerings can mean
that nationals will own these enterprises
once they’re stable. Meanwhile they gain the stature of Christian business leaders in their country.
4. Micro Finance Programs
7 Quoted from the presentation made by the founder
of Brains-Direct, Ltd. at the joint BPN-YWAM business conference at Westminster Chapel,
Implementing a
plan to include business in missions
How can missionaries
participate in the move to bring business into a holistic missions
strategy? Without doubt, if mission leaders are skeptical or resistant to
suggestions that business can be a
powerful part of a field’s strategy, they will prevail in blocking any significant involvement. But what steps can be
taken to include business in a missions strategy for a particular field. Here are some
recommendations:
1.
Let the leaders become convinced that business
development is a full fledged part of
fulfilling the Lord’s commands and desires for the world. Let there be prayer, debate, reading, conferences, interviews, and
trips to observe working examples until there is this conviction. A dubious
acquiescence to business in mission is unworthy
of any Christian enterprise and certain to fail.
2.
Let there be an investment of mission time and
funds to examine successful models of business inclusion in mission strategy.
This will entail reading the books
steadily emerging on this topic (a short bibliography is included at the end of this paper), attending conferences put on by
organizations like ACMC and the Business
Professional Network that bring together practitioners in business as mission, and making visits to cities where
functioning programs exist. CAMED welcomes
visitors, as do organizations like Integra Ventures, Partners Worldwide, and Latin America Mission. Missions Fest North
West, an alliance of missions pastors and churches in the Pacific Northwest
(USA), has just committed to offer an entire track for business people at their
regional missions conference in 2006.
3.
Let Godly businessmen drive the
business as mission initiatives.
wired that way by God and gifted by
His grace with years of valuable education and experience. Missions
personnel should respect that work of God and the Biblical
plan for the growth of the Body of Christ. Let them call out to their supporting
churches and the marketplace ministries and bring to the field a host of Godly
business men and women who will also be touched by the destitution of mankind
and commit their business skills to creating new businesses and employment.
4. Let business be
conducted honorably and expertly, even if its methods are different than the church’s.
Mission leaders will have to recognize that while churches must receive everyone who walks in the
door, business managers can only hire
people who contribute to the success of the company; churches will tolerate mediocre performance by church members
within whatever time frame they
choose, business managers cannot; pastors are apt to forgive debts and overlook poor stewardship of funds, business
managers cannot. If pastors question
the ethics of making a profit, business managers cannot survive without it.
5. Let the emphasis be
on national entrepreneurs. I would not exclude or diminish the involvement of the other business models, but
I do advocate an emphasis on nurturing
the capacities of national Christian business people. When political currents shut down the access to nations by
mission or business people alike, the future
of the church will lie with the national business leaders who control their own means of generating funds and have the
leadership skill to guide the church with
their pastors. When a mission field ‘matures’ and foreign missionaries move on, the church leadership will be supported by a
strong and diverse cadre of self-sustaining
business leaders.
6. Let job creation and
witness to Christ be the focus, not profits. Citizens of most nations are predictably suspect of Americans
coming “to do business” in their nation.
Almost without regard to what is said or the intentions of those involved, business activity by foreigners (especially
Americans) is viewed as ultimately resulting
in the foreigners taking lots of money out of the country by overcharging the people. This suspicion is negated by working
to build up businesses owned by
national entrepreneurs. It is also overcome by focusing on creating living-wage jobs in the country. As Christians, we will
always rejoice when there is a witness
to Christ, whether about salvation or the virtues of doing business in ways that honor God.
7.
Let the business initiative
complement the other elements of the missions
strategy. This paper is not meant to advocate that business should become the
primary or exclusive focus of mission activity, just a
significant part of a comprehensive strategy. Not only are various
approaches likely to be needed on a given field, but every
part of the Body must contribute to its growth. Besides, business people coming
to the field usually are touched by other efforts to care for orphans, educate
the illiterate, care for HIV/AIDS patients, house the homeless, rehab
alcoholics,
etc. Their churches can get involved in the whole spectrum of mission activities,
often with significant financial support too.
Conclusion:
Dr. Ted Yamamori, the
international director of the Lausanne Committee for World Evangelization,
co-edited a book with businessman Ken Eldred in 2004 titled On Kingdom Business.
Christianity Today magazine named it the “missions
book of the year”. Dr. Yamamori himself calls business “the
strategy of choice for 21st century missions”.8 This may
be a challenge to the missions community, but for reasons I’ve tried
to articulate in this paper, it is an exciting new door of opportunity to
achieve more of what the church has long dreamed of
accomplishing in the poor and unevangelized nations
of the world in Jesus’ Name. Amen.
8 On
Kingdom Business, p. 10
BUSINESS
Business Power for God’s Purpose, Heinz Suter and Marco Gmur, VKG, 1997 The Galtronics Story, William Goheen, Resource
Publications, 2004
Great Commission
Companies, Steve Rundle and Tom
Steffen, InterVarsity Press, 2003
Holistic
Entrepreneurs in
Just Business, Alexander Hill, InterVarsity
Press, 1997
Kingdom Companies, George Knaublauch and Juerg Opprecht, (German and
English), 2004
Kingdom Business, David Befus (English
and Spanish),
On Kingdom Business, edited by Ken Eldred and Ted Yamamori, Crossway Books,
2004 Profit for the Lord, William J. Danker, Wipf and
Stock Publishers, 2002
(A
Paper presented to the EVANGELICAL MISSIONS SOCIETY,